Primary Source: Ghana
Document 3

Directions: Read each of the excerpts. In the GRAPES column, categorize the excerpt with G, R, A, P, E, or S (some quotes may have more than one category). As you read, circle or underline the evidence that supports your choice of G, R, A, P, E, or S.

Transfer any information about GRAPES onto Student Handout 5.

Empire	Notes, Key Vocabulary Terms, Key Concepts	Excerpt	G, R, A, P, E, or S	Reason for Your Answer
1. Ghana	imams religious leaders muezzins men who call Muslims to prayer jurists legal scholars	The city of Ghana consists of two towns situated on a plain.  One of these towns, which is inhabited by Muslims, is large and possesses twelve mosques, in which they assemble for the Friday prayer.  There are salaried imams and muezzins, as well as jurists and scholars.
2. Ghana	audience meting with the king profess believe	The audience is announced by the beating of a drum which they call duba made from a long hollow log.  When the people who profess the same religion as the king approach him they fall on their knees and sprinkle dust on their head, for this is their way of greeting him.  As for the Muslims, they greet him only by clapping their hands.
3. Ghana	dinar money levies charges a tax archers soldiers who shoot arrows	On every donkey-load of salt when it is brought into the country their king levies one golden dinar and two dinars when it is sent out. … The king of Ghana, when he calls up his army, can put 200,000 men into the field, more than 40,000 of them archers.

Source of Ghana quotes: Al-Bakri, The Book of Routes and Realms, cited in Levitzion and Hopkins, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, (Cambridge University Press, 1981) pp 79 & 81.

Primary Source: Mali
Document 4

Directions: Read each of the excerpts. In the GRAPES column, categorize the excerpt with G, R, A, P, E, or S (some quotes may have more than one category). As you read, circle or underline the evidence that supports your choice of G, R, A, P, E, or S.

Transfer any information about GRAPES onto Student Handout 5.

Empire	Notes, Key Vocabulary Terms, Key Concepts	Excerpt	G, R, A, P, E, or S	Reason for Your Answer
4. Mali	worn garments old clothing turban head covering dons wears humility lack of pride dejectionsadness	If [the king] summons any [person] . . . the person summoned takes off his clothes and puts on worn garments, removes his turban and dons a dirty skullcap, and enters with his garments and trousers raised knee-high. He goes forward in an attitude of humility and dejection and knocks the ground hard with his elbows.
5. Mali	unjust unfair abhorrence hatred injustice unfairness sultan ruler	[The people of Mali] are seldom unjust, and have a greater abhorrence of injustice than any other people. Their sultan shows no mercy to anyone who is guilty of the least act of it. There is complete security in their country. Neither traveler nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence.
6. Mali	zealdedication	On Fridays, if a man does not go early to the mosque, he cannot find a corner to pray in, on account of the crowd. . . . [On Friday,] even if a man has nothing but an old worn shirt, he washes it and cleans it, and wears it to the Friday service. Yet another [characteristic of the people of Mali] is their zealfor learning the Qur’an by heart.

Source of Mali quotes: Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325 – 1354, tr. and ed. H. A. R Gibb (London: Broadway House , 1929)