Ancient History Review
Instructional Component 1: Early Man, Mesopotamia, and Egypt (Standards 6.1 and 6.2)
Early Man
• Early humans were hunter-gatherers. They relied on animals and plants
for food.
• They
moved
constantly
in
search
of
their food.
• Early farmers used slash and burn techniques.
• The coming of the Ice Ages caused people to adapt, including developing
new clothing.
• After the Ice Ages, people began to domesticate plants and animals and
build mud-brick houses. They also began to specialize in different activities,
including weaving cloth for clothes.
Ancient Mesopotamia
• The
yearly flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers created rich soil allowing
for good agriculture and early civilizations. However, the flood was
unpredictable.
• New agricultural technique arose, such as irrigation through building
dams, channels, walls, and ditches. These led to the rise of cities, religion,
writing, science and math.
• Mesopotamia built temples and held religious festivals
to please the gods.
• Hammurabi’s Code organized all laws, but was very harsh. "An
eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth."
• Mesopotamian's wrote using cuneiform.
Ancient Egypt
• In ancient Egypt, the Nile River flooded every year providing fertile
farmland
in
the
desert.
• The Egyptians developed irrigation and other techniques to control Nile
floodwaters.
• Egyptians embalmed their pharaohs and built great pyramids as tombs so
that the pharaohs would make it to the after life.
• Egyptians used papyrus and hieroglyphics to record history.
• The pharaoh was considered both king and god.
• Massive pyramids were built as tombs for pharaohs.
Instructional Component 2: Hebrews, India, and China (Standards 6.3, 6.5, and 6.6)
The Ancient Hebrews
• Judaism was the
first monotheistic religion. [belief in one god]
• According to tradition, Moses received the Ten Commandments from God.
• The Ten Commandments became the basis for civil and religious laws of
Judaism.
• The Torah is the holy book of Judaism. The Torah is the first five books
of the Bible.
• Judaism focused on the belief in one God, the observance of law, practice
of
the
concepts
of
righteousness
and justice, and importance of study of the Torah and Talmud
Ancient India
• India’s
first major religion was Hinduism, which involved a universal spirit called
Brahman. The worship of this spirit is sometimes called Brahmanism.
• The caste system organized Indians into four classes - the Brahmins
(teachers, scholars and priests), the Kshatriyas (kings and warriors), the
Vaishyas (traders), and Sudras (agriculturists, service providers, and some artisan
groups).
• The Buddha’s life and teachings, such as honesty, non-violence,
and compassion, created a new religion called Buddhism, which spread throughout
India to Central Asia.
• The Buddha's Four Noble Truths:
1. Life is suffering
2. People
suffer because of desire
3. The only way not to suffer is to have no desires
4. The Eightfold Path is the way to end suffering and end the cycle of reincarnation
• India developed great literature in Sanskrit, such as
the Bhagavad Gita, and developed algebra, and the zero.
Ancient China
• Confucius taught
the importance of duty and respect for family.
• Confucius lived in a time when the government was struggling to run society
and when many people were not following the ancient traditions. Confucius wanted
to improve society through teaching people to do their duty and honor their
parents.
• Respect for elders, proper conduct, and the proper behavior of rulers
are key elements of Confucianism.
• Taoists follow the teachings of Laozi, and believe people should give
up worldly desires and follow the force that guides all things—the Tao.
• Taoism stressed that everything in life should be in harmony with nature.
• Emperor Shihuangdi united much of China under one dynasty.
• Shi Huangdi created one currency, built roads and a huge canal, and the
Great Wall.
• Under the Han dynasty, the civil service exam created a government run
by scholars.
• The Han rulers continued to expand the empire and ruled in a period of
much peace.
• The Han dynasty also developed the Silk Road and began a trading network
that reached much of Asia and the West, including Rome.
• The Silk Road brought new goods and ideas to China.
• Buddhism reached China during the A.D. 100's by monks traveling along
the Silk Road.
• Buddhism began as an important religion in China after the Han dynasty
collapsed.
Instructional Component 3: Greece and Rome (Standards 6.4 and 6.7)
Ancient Greece
• The mountains and seas surrounding Greece led to the rise of city-states.
• Each Greek city-state was run by its citizens, or members of the political
community.
• The growth of Greece depended on establishing colonies and trade throughout
the Mediterranean region.
• A direct democracy involves all citizens in voting and making laws. Most
modern democracies are representative; people are elected to represent a
group of citizens.
• Sparta developed a militaristic government.
• Athens created a democracy and focused on trade and culture.
• Athens and Sparta joined forces to defeat the Persians in the Persian
Wars, but later fought the destructive Peloponnesian War.
•Alexander conquered
the Persian Empire and spread Hellenism throughout southwest Asia.
• The Greeks spread their art, architecture, literature, theater, philosophy,
and mathematics.
• Some of the great Greek writers include the dramatists Sophocles, Euripides,
and Aeschylus.
• Greek ideas of art and architecture influence styles today.
• Greek philosophers tried to answer life’s big questions.
Ancient Rome
• The Roman Republic
had two classes of citizens, the patricians (nobles), and the plebeians
(common people).
• The Republic had three branches of government: The consuls, who were
the
chief executives, the senate, who made the laws, and praetors, who were judges.
• Julius Caesar, a Roman general, was named dictator for life. He had many
reform ideas, but was assassinated by senators were afraid of his gaining too
much power.
• Augustus was Caesar's grand nephew. He became Rome's first emperor. Under
his rule, Rome expanded and enjoyed a period of peace.
• Jesus of Nazareth preached love, compassion, and forgiveness. He often
taught using stories called parables.
• Early church leaders taught that people could gain salvation through
Jesus, who was the messiah.
• Jesus made many enemies in Rome, and was put to death.
• Accounts of
his resurrection, or rising from the dead form the basis of Christian belief
that Jesus was the son of God.
• St. Paul the Apostle led the early church and its teaching that Jesus
was the son of God and the Holy Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
World History Review
Instructional Component 1: Fall of Rome, Islam, Africa, and Mesoamerica (Standards 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, and 7.7)
The Decline of the Roman Empire
• Rome supported
the provinces by building roads and aqueducts and providing protection
in case of attack.
• The final collapse of the Western Empire occurred in C.E. 476.
• Roman emperors increased the size of the Roman Empire by conquering new
territory.
• Rome’s contributions to architecture include the arch, the dome,
and the column.
• Slave labor was used by the Roman Empire and helped lead to its downfall.
• Christianity spread throughout the Empire eventually becoming a major
world religion.
• Internal problems that helped Rome’s downfall were corrupt generals,
civil wars, and economic problems.
• Rome declined because the army became too expensive, the barbarians invaded
the Empire, Roman armies fought among themselves, and Rome became too large
to govern.
Islam
• The Five Pillars of Islam are the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), fasting
during Ramadan, prayer, faith (there is one God and Muhammad is His Prophet),
and
Zagat
(sharing
of
wealth). These
Five Pillars describe the duties of Muslims.
• Muslims believe the written record of Allah’s words were revealed
to
Muhammad
in
the Qur’an.
• The collection of the words and deeds of Muhammad written down after
several generations is called the Sunna.
•Islam considers Jews and Christians to be “people of the book.”
• Muslim achievements included astronomy, geometry, medicine, and mathematics.
•Islam was spread by merchants and by the acquisition of new territories through
military conquest and alliances.
Africa
• Ghana was at the center of a major trade route.
• The Muslim traders brought a system of numbers, the Islamic religion,
and a system of writing to West African societies.
• The Niger River was important to transport gold.
• Ghana controlled the trade of salt from the Sahara and crops, livestock,
gold, and enslaved Africans from central and southern West Africa.
•Ghana’s
location between salt-producing North Africa and the gold-rich southern coast
of West Africa, allowed it to control the gold-salt trade.
•Ghana and Mali were influenced by the laws and ethics of Islam.
Mesoamerica and Andean Civilizations
• Mayan civilization was based on agriculture. They dug moats and canals
to bring water to arid places.
• The Mayan thought the priests could interpret the will of the gods by
studying the Mayan calendars. With the help of math, the priests could also help
determine what were good times to plant crops, and figure out the mood of the
gods.
• Two of the Mayan achievements included a system of writing called hieroglyphics
and a calendar.
• Aztec farming methods made use of floating gardens called chinampas.
• The Aztec settled in a swampy island in Lake Texcoco because they believed
they were told by their gods to build a city at the place where they saw an eagle
perched on a cactus holding a snake in its beak.
• Aztecs learned to be skillful warriors by fighting neighboring tribes.
• The Inca king was called the Sapa Inca. The people believed he was descended
from the gods.
• The Inca differed from the Maya and Aztec in that they had no written
language.
• The Inca used a technique called terrace farming to raise crops on mountain
slopes.
• The Aztec practiced sacrifices because they believed that if one was
sacrificed, he would become divine. They also wanted to frighten their enemies.
They captured prisoners from other tribes and sacrificed them as well.
• The Aztec and Inca empires had weakened by the time the Spanish arrived
in the New World. Both had been involved in civil wars causing them to lose
strength. Disease also killed many of their soldiers, but both civilizations
both came to an end at the hands of the Spanish.
•The Aztec and Maya had slaves. The Inca did not.
•The Aztec, Maya, and Inca were all polytheistic, believing in many gods.
The Inca had a system called quipu for keeping track of records.
Instructional Component 2: China, Japan, and Medieval Europe (Standards 7.3, 7.5, and 7.6)
China
• In the Tang dynasty, aristocrats held most of the jobs
in the government. They got the jobs by passing civil service
exams.
• A meritocracy is the name for a system in which people are chosen for
employment and are able to move up within an organization.
• During the 700’s improvements in roads, canals, and waterways improved
transportation and enabled messengers and other government officials to travel
more easily throughout China. These roads, canals, and waterways helped unify
China.
• The Chinese invented printing, the fishing reel, the compass, gun powder,
and
paper
currency.
• Moveable type enabled was invented by the Chinese and increased the availability
of books.
• Tea was discovered in China.
• Buddhism was brought to China from missionaries from India.
• Buddhism spread after the collapse of the Han Dynasty. It helped people
cope with the hardships of life.
• Buddhism teaches that all life is suffering. People suffer because they
are attached to material possessions. However, people could escape suffering
by living a good life. This helped people deal with the hardships of life.
Japan
• In the Japanese feudal system, the emperor was at the top, followed by
the shoguns (generals), daimyo (wealthy land owners), samurai (warriors),
and
then
the
peasants.
• A military life known as Samurai, the way of the warrior, was characterized
by early weapon training and commitment to a strict lifestyle.
• The Code of the Samurai was called the bushido. It stressed loyalty and
honor. A samurai would rather die than shame himself in battle.
• The daimyo was the ruler of the Samurai. The samurai would swear
and oath of loyalty to his daimyo. The samurai would protect the land and peasants
of
his
daimyo.
• Shinto, Japan’s main religion, holds that everything in the natural
world is filled with spirits.
Medieval Europe
• The feudal system in Europe had kings and queens at the top, followed
by rich, land owning lords, warrior knights, and then finally peasants and serfs,
who were tied to the land.
• Under feudalism in Europe, people received protection from large landowners
in return for military service, working on the lord’s land, and performing
necessary tasks such as repairing bridges, working in the mill, or gathering
wood.
• Vassals were landowners who had given title of their estate to the feudal
lord. Vassals also served the king.
• The qualities important in feudalism were courtesy, loyalty, bravery
and obedience. These became known as chivalry and became the code of the Knights.
• The Magna Carta was one of the most important documents that came out
of the Medieval period because it made official the idea that ordinary people
had rights, set up the basis for the idea of “due process of law,” and
stated that the king was subject to the law of the land.
• The stated purpose of the Crusades was to insure the safe travel of Christians
who wanted to visit the Holy Land. In reality, the Crusades were fought to win
back the Holy Land from the Muslims.
• As a result of the Crusades, ideas and products were introduced to Europe.
• As a result of the Crusades, the Jewish populations in both Europe and
the Middle East were attacked by Christians. Christians also burned and looted
Constantinople.
Instructional Component 3: Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Exploration, Enlightenment, and Age of Reason (Standards 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, and 7.11)
Renaissance
• Major ideas of
the Renaissance included realism, humanism, and individualism.
• People who were concerned with the Greek and Roman classics and saw the
importance of public service were called humanists.
• The
Renaissance was an important period to because humanists believed
in the importance of the individual. Humanists believed that if people
could understand the world, they could improve it.
• Renaissance artists depicted people as they really appeared. They also
used the idea of linear perspective. Renaissance artists also began to paint
mixing oil with paint.
• Leonardo da Vinci was famous for his painting, science discoveries, and
accomplishments in many other areas. Among his creative ideas were the drawings
for a horseless carriage and a parachute. Leonardo's most famous painting
is the Mona Lisa.
• Patrons were extremely important during the Renaissance because they
provided money for artists and writers to complete their work.
• Michelangelo, a foremost artist during the Renaissance studied the human
anatomy so he could draw and sculpt the human figure realistically. He is
most well known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
• William Shakespeare, one of the world’s greatest playwrights, revealed
strengths and weaknesses of humans through his characters. Most of his plays
can be classified into three types: comedies, histories, and tragedies.
•Dante Alighieri, or simply Dante, was an Italian poet from Florence.
His most famous work is The Divine Comedy, is considered the greatest
literary work composed in the Italian
language and a masterpiece of world literature.
• Johannes Gutenberg helped spread Renaissance ideas with the European
invention of the moveable type printing press.
Reformation
• The authority of the Catholic Church decreased largely as a result of
the Great Schism when the Church has two popes at the same time.
• John Calvin, Martin Luther, John Wycliff, Desiderius Erasmus, and William
Tyndale all
protested against Church practices like excessive taxes and indulgences.
• The end of a “Golden Age” of achievements in Spain occurred
as Ferdinand expelled all Jews from Spain.
• The Calvinists, followers of John Calvin, believed that one should lead
a simple life and be devoted to God. They also believed that nothing should interfere
with individual experience of God.
• Justification by faith, a key idea of Martin Luther, held that a person
could achieve forgiveness if he accepted God.
• The 95 Theses of Martin Luther stated his objections to the corruption
within the Catholic church and the practice of selling indulgences.
• The Church promoted special religious orders to help spread the ideas
of the Church. The Jesuits are one example of this.
• King Henry VIII of England demanded that the Church grant him a divorce.
When the Church refused, Parliament passed the “Act of Supremacy” creating
the Church of England, splitting off from the Catholic church.
Scientific Revolution
• The Scientific
Revolution was the period of time during the 15th and 16th centuries characterized
by new scientific ideas and the challenge of existing
beliefs.
• Galileo’s ideas challenged beliefs of the Catholic church because
the earth-centered universe was the accepted view.
• Galileo made new discoveries through observation. Among them were the
theory of oval planet orbits.
• The Catholic Church admitted the error condemning Galileo almost 300
years after the fact.
• Scientific method as a series of steps using observation and experimentation
in research. It also included a hypothesis which could be verified by testing.
• Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus may be thought of as one of the first
scientists to use data obtained from accurate observation to refute accepted
belief.
• Scientists and Reformation leaders both questioned ideas which had existed
for years.
• Mathematician Isaac Newton had logical explanations regarding forces
in the universe. He discovered that the force called gravity held the universe
together.
• A revolutionary aspect of scientific method was that people could not
learn by accepting truths. Truths must be tested and proved.
• One of Kepler’s contributions to astronomy was that orbits of planets
were oval.
• One of the major ideas of the Enlightenment was applying the principles
of scientific reason to social and political problems.
• Natural Rights were rights guaranteed to all including life, liberty,
and the right to own property.
Age of Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason
• Explorers trying to find the shortest way to the east were motivated
by the search for spices.
• Portugal, in the need of money, sent explorers to the New World in
search for gold.
• New information from travelers such as Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta,
improved maps and inventions that reached Europe and created desire for such
items such as silk, gold, and spices. It also created an interest in exploration.
• The
first sailor to successfully lead an expedition that circumnavigated the globe
was Magellan.
• Christopher Columbus led four voyages to the New World. Though he never
set foot on North American soil, he is credited with discovering America. Columbus
was the first sailor who tried to sail west to find the Orient.
• John Locke wrote Two Treaties of Government in 1690. In it he argued
that an agreement between people and their ruler called a contract was the
basis of government. He also said that people had a right to overthrow the
ruler if the contract was not followed, and each person had the rights to
life, liberty, and property protection.
• Thomas Jefferson borrowed many ideas from Locke when he wrote the Declaration
of Independence.
United States History
Instructional Component 1: Foundations of America (Standards 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4)
The Great Awakening
•
The Great Awakening of the 1740’s refers to an excitement about
religion that swept through the American colonies.
• Was led by Jonathan Edwards, a minister who preached against the sins
of man.
• Emphasized the importance of having sincere religious feelings.
• Had important political consequences in encouraging democratic ideals.
Declaration of Independence
• Principal author
was Thomas Jefferson.
•
Begins with the phrase, “When in the course of human events…”
•
Includes the phrase: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain
unalienable
Rights".
• Unalienable rights are rights that cannot be taken away. The
unalienable rights in the Declaration of Independence are life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness.
• The Declaration states that it is the right and duty of a people who
to overthrow the government and change the system if the government takes away
their
rights.
• Gives the power of rule to the people.
• Most of the Declaration
deals with grievances against the king.
The U.S. Constitution and its Foundations
• The Magna Carta
provided the basis for establishing self-government and addressing the
rights of the people.
• The Mayflower Compact was the first known type of government in America.
• The Articles of Confederation was weak because it did not provide for
a national chief executive, had no power to levy taxes, appointed
legislatures instead
of electing them, had no power to regulate interstate commerce,
and had no national currency.
•
The Preamble to the Constitution begins with the phrase: “We the
people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
Union.”
• The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia, was presided
over by George Washington. It got rid of the Articles of Confederation
and wrote a new document.
• The Connecticut Compromise provided for a bicameral legislature (two
houses) with equal representation for the states in one house and
representation based on population in another.
• Slavery was a major issue in the Constitutional Convention. The delegates
passed the 3/5 Compromise which made each slave counted as
three-fifths of a person for the purpose of levying taxes and apportioning representatives.
However, the word "slavery" never appears in the Constitution.
• The delegates were concerned about one branch of government getting too
much power so
they
created
a system of checks and balances.
•
Federalism – a system in which the state and national government
share power
•
Powers given to the national government – coin money, regulate
interstate commerce, establish post offices, establish foreign policy,
maintain
armed forces and declare war
• Supporters of the Constitution called themselves Federalists, while those
who opposed its ratification were called Anti-Federalists.
• The Anti-Federalists were concerned about the chief executive having
too much power and wanted a Bill of Rights added to the Constitution
• In defense of the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James
Madison
wrote
a
series of newspaper letters known as the Federalist Papers.
• The First Amendment protects the freedom of religion, speech, the press,
assembly, and petition.
• The Second Amendment protects the right to bear arms.
• The Fourth Amendment protects the right to privacy and forbids unlawful
searches and seizures.
• The Fifth Amendment guarantees that no one may be deprived of life, liberty,
or property without due process of law.
• The founders of the Constitution felt that religion should be kept separate
from government.
America’s Political System at Work
• The two disagreements between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton
led to the creation of the two-party political system. They disagreed
over the size of the federal government. Hamilton favored a strong federal
government, Jefferson a limited federal government with more powers to the
states.
•
Shay’s Rebellion was caused from the differences people who had
money on one side, and people who needed money on the other hand, and
caused Massachusetts to pass the Riot Act, which allowed people to
be jailed
without a trial.
• The Whiskey Rebellion was a revolt of Pennsylvania corn farmers who wanted
to overturn a high tax placed on whiskey.
• A bill becomes a law after it is approved by both Houses of Congress
and the President signs it into law.
• Citizens can participate in the political process by assisting with elections
at the polls, voting, joining a political parties and participating
in political functions.
• The Alien and Sedition Acts posed a serious threat to First Amendment
guarantees because they gave the President the power to deport any
alien he thought was dangerous, prohibited assembly with the intent to appose
any
measure of the government and prohibited the publishing of anything false
or malicious
against the government.
Ideals of a New Nation
• The function and
responsibilities of a free press include prohibiting the government from
suppressing embarrassing information, encouraging
open debate and discussion of public issues, and keeping people informed
about issues
that affect them.
• In his Farewell Address of 1797, George Washington advised his countrymen
to avoid foreign entanglements, a military that was too
powerful, and political parties, that split people.
•
Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States
at four cents and acre, cost fifteen million dollars, gave
America control of the port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River,
and removed
the French
treat from the frontier.
• The
main purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to explore the Louisiana
Territory.
• In an effort to stop the expansion into their lands, a Shawnee holy man
named Chief Tecumseh tried to unite Native Americans from the
Great Lakes to the
Gulf of Mexico.
• At the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition,
Spain owned Florida and the land west of the Louisiana
Purchase from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.
•
James Monroe’s years as president are referred to as the “Era
of Good Feelings” because the Northeast economy
expanded rapidly, with manufacturing bringing prosperity
to the
region. America was beginning
to
participate in the Industrial Revolution. There was little
chance that the U.S. would fight another war with Britain.
• President Monroe favored protective tariffs, high taxes placed foreign
goods to make the cost of American goods more competitive.
•
The poetry of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow includes “Hiawatha,” “Paul
Revere’s Ride,” and “The Courtship
of Miles Standish.”
• James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Last
of the Mohicans. Cooper wrote about life on the American
frontier.
•
Washington Irving is the author of “Rip Van Winkle,” “The
Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” and Tales of a Traveler.
Both Cooper and Irving became two of the first writers
to popularize
stories about America.
Instructional Component 2: Foreign Policy, Divergent Paths (Standards 8.5,
8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9)
Foreign Policy in the Early Republic
•
In the 1800’s, the term impressments referred to a practice used
by the British to force men into being sailors in the British
navy.
• Impressment caused problems for the U.S. because American civilians were
captured by the British and taken to sea to work on British
warships.
• The causes of the War of 1812 were impressments and British attacks on
U.S. merchant ships, Britain providing Native Americans with
arms on the frontier, the desire to expand U.S. territory to include Canada and
Spanish Florida.
•
The “war hawks” of the West were led by Henry Clay and John
C. Calhoun. They were in favor of entering into war with
Britain in 1812.
• The British burned public buildings in Washington D.C. including the
White House during the War of 1812.
•
The Battle of Fort McHenry was the inspiration for “The Star Spangled
Banner.”
• The consequences of the War of 1812 were the Federalist Party lost influence,
Andrew Jackson became a national hero after the Battle
of New Orleans, and Native Americans in the upper Midwest were no longer a threat
to U.S. westward
expansion.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would not allow any
European interference in the western hemisphere.
Divergent Paths of the Americans: The Westerners
•Andrew
Jackson’s
election to the Presidency in 1828 was significant because he brought
a greater degree of democracy to American government and a rise in the
political
participation of the common man.
• Jackson introduced the “spoils system,” that rewarded Jackson’s
supporters with government jobs.
• President Jackson vetoed the bill to re charter the Second Bank of the
United States because he believed it benefited the wealthy at the expenses
of the common man.
• President Jackson’s policy toward Native Americans centered around
a policy of their removal from their homelands.
• In response to the removal policy, the Cherokees appealed to the U.S.
Supreme Court. The court ruled in favor of the Cherokees, but President Jackson
refused to obey the law. The Cherokee were then moved to Oklahoma. Thousands
died on the march. The Incident became known as the Trail of Tears.
• Manifest Destiny refers to the belief that the United States was meant
to spread across the continent.
• After Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821, there were
few Mexicans living in Texas, so the Mexican government encouraged Americans
to settle East Texas.
• In the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo that ended the war with Mexico, the
U.S. paid $15 million for territory known as the Mexican Cession, which the
U.S. received Mexican territory that included the future states of Calif., Nevada,
Utah, most of New Mexico and Arizona, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado; set
the U.S. border at the Rio Grande River.
• The Lone Star Republic was annexed by the U.S. after the presidential
election of James K. Polk
Divergent Paths of the Americans: The Northeasterners
• Between 1790 and
1840, the U.S. underwent many changes. The country had doubled in size;
its population which had grown
from 4 million to 17 million; a change from 90% of Americans working as farmers
to
60%
engaged
in farming by 1840; the number of people in towns grew
from 5% to 11%.
•
The urbanization of the Northeast can be contributed to machines run by waterpower
that required factories to be located by lakes, rivers and waterfalls; the
factory system replaced the domestic system in the early 1800’s;
the first mills were established in the New England
states.
•
Henry Clay’s vision of the American System included a national system
of roads and canals to improve the nation's transportation system.
• The Erie Canal made transportation
of goods on the Great Lakes much easier.
•
The Transportation Revolution in the 1800’s included development
canals, steamboats, and railroads; provide
a great economic
boost to the entire country; created and expansion
of business opportunities throughout the nation.
•
In the 1840’s, immigrants to the U.S. came from Ireland because
of the Great Famine that was caused by a disease that destroyed
potato crops.
• Among the free blacks who lived in the North were Benjamin Banneker,
a mathematician, William Wells Brown, the first African American
novelist and playwright,
and abolitionists Henry Highland Garnet, Charles Remond,
and Frederick Douglass.
• Educational reformers like Horace Mann called for free public schools
to promote an educated population; supported public schools
to prevent social ills like crime and poverty; were in favor of raising taxes
to
pay for
public
education.
•
Women’s suffrage was espoused by Lucretia Mott, who organized the Women’s
Rights Convention At Seneca Falls, New York; Elizabeth
Cady Stanton, an abolitionist that was not allowed to participate in
an all
male antislavery
conference;
and Susan B. Anthony, who argued for equal pay for
women teachers and equal property rights for women.
• Transcendentalism was a philosophy and literary movement that emphasized
the unity of human beings with nature and the importance
of self-reliance and individual conscience; was publicized by Ralph Waldo
Emerson, Henry
David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller; provided
support
for reform in America, particularly the antislavery movement.
Divergent Paths of the Americans: The Southerners
• The cotton gin
was invented by Eli Whitney. The cotton gin was a machine that took separated
cottonseed from the cotton fiber. This made it
possible for one person to remove the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton a day,
verses 1 pound a day without the cotton gin.
• Cotton farming in the South greatly expanded after the invention of the
cotton gin and slaves were considered more valuable than ever. Less slaves
were freed by their owners. Slaves were now expected to work even harder
because of the high price of cotton made a lot of money for their owners.
• Cotton was not the only important crop grown in the South. Tobacco was
still very important.
• The majority of wealth and land in the South was concentrated in the
hands of very few wealthy plantation owners.
• 3/4 of the white families had no slaves and worked on their own small
farms.
•
In support of slavery, Southerners argued that “Cotton is King” and
the national economy would collapse without slave labor to produce it.
They also argued that to criticize slavery was unpatriotic, and that slavery
was
good for the slaves because they didn't’t have to beg like
poor urban free workers in the North.
• Abolitionists argued that slavery was to the American political principle
that all men are created equal, as well as the religious belief
that all human beings are equal in the eyes of God.
• Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner all plotted slave revolts.
•
After Nat Turner’s revolt it became illegal in most states to teach
blacks how to read, and anyone caught doing it would be put to
death.
• Harriet Tubman made 19 trips into the South as a conductor on the Underground
Railroad and helped nearly 300 slaves escape to freedom.
The Abolitionist Movement
• The Quakers were
among the earliest groups against slavery.
• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was the first national stand against
slavery, and declared that the land north of the Ohio River and east
of the Mississippi River should be without slaves.
• The Missouri Compromise of 1820 allowed Missouri to enter the Union as
a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and kept the balance
of slave a free states equal.
• William Lloyd Garrison favored the immediate abolition of all slaves.
Garrison published The Liberator newspaper and founded the American Anti-Slavery
Society.
• Frederick Douglass was a slave that escaped to freedom and settled in
Massachusetts and published the abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.
• The Underground Railroad was an informal organization that helped slaves
hide in safe houses as they escaped to Canada.
•
John Brown led an attack on the U.S. government armory in Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia.
•
California’s petition for admission to the Union led to the Compromise
of 1850 in which it was admitted as a free state.
• In the Compromise of 1850, to appease the South, Congress passed a strong
Fugitive Slave Law that strictly forbade Northerners to grant
refuge to escaped slaves, allowed the people of New Mexico and Utah to decide
by
popular sovereignty
whether they wanted to be free or slave. The Compromise also
abolished the slave trade in Washington D.C.
• Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser worked out many compromises which eased
sectional conflicts.
• The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 arose as a result of the territories
of Kansas and Nebraska applying for statehood and left the question
of slavery in up
to popular sovereignty flooding both territories with people
on both sides of the slavery issue.
•
The Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857) stated
that an enslaved person was property and could be taken anywhere the slave
owner wanted. It also stated that Congress could not ban slavery in
the territories.
• The Lincoln-Douglass debates centered around the slavery question, with
Douglas trying to paint Lincoln as a radical abolitionist, and Lincoln
trying the
portray Douglas as a pro-slavery supporter of the Dred Scott case.
Instructional Component 3: Civil War, Reconstruction, Industrialization (Standards 8.10, 8.11, 8.12)
The Civil War
• John C. Calhoun
argued on several occasions that a state had a right to refuse to obey
any federal law that it believed to be unconstitutional.
•
The doctrine of nullification is premised on the importance of states’ rights.
• Regarding the issue of slavery in 1850, John C. Calhoun argued that citizens
had the right to take their property (slaves) into all territories
of the U.S., including new lands acquired from Mexico.
• Daniel Webster argued for peace and unity of the nation, not as a northerner,
but as an American in support of a compromise over slavery.
Webster believed that the South should not be allowed to secede from the Union.
• Henry Clay looked beyond sectional demands to forge a compromise that
made both sides of the slavery issue give something up they wanted.
• By 1860, the North and South had grown into sections that were widely
unlike because the South was almost totally rural, and the North
was thriving on
industries in several urban centers.
• Jefferson Davis was elected to be president of the Confederacy.
•
Robert E. Lee was Lincoln’s first choice to command the Union Army.
Lee proved more loyal to Virginia that to the nation. He was
joined by many Southerners who resigned from the U.S. Army.
• Ulysses S. Grant had done poorly in his studies at West Point, but proved
to be an excellent military leader.
• The advantages the North had during the war were it had a much larger
population, many more industrial resources, and much more money.
•
The South’s main advantage was fighting at home. The South only
had to fight long enough to convince the North that it could not conquer
the South.
• Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. It freed only enslaved
persons in the Confederate states.
• During the war 186,000 African American soldiers fought for the U.S.
in 166 all-black regiments. The most well known regiment of black
soldiers was the 54th Massachusetts.
•
President Lincoln’s first acts during the war were to call for
75,000 volunteers to serve in the military for three months, and to
order a naval blockade of southern ports to prevent the exportation of
cotton
and the
importation of munitions and supplies.
• The Second Battle of Bull Run in 1862 marked a low point in the war for
the North, because the Union troops had been pushed back from Richmond
to Washington.
•
The Battle of Antietam was won by the North after General McClellan intercepted
a copy of General Lee’s orders detailing troop placement. Antietam
was the bloodiest single day in American history. The battle enabled President
Lincoln to publish the Emancipation Proclamation from a position of strength.
It also stalled Lee’s invasion of the North.
• General Ulysses S. Grant and General William Tecumseh Sherman joined
forces to overcome the Confederacy in Vicksburg. They also gained
control of the
Mississippi River and effectively split the Confederacy in
two parts that could not communicate with each other or sent reinforcements.
•
The Battle of Gettysburg was General Lee’s attempt to take the war
into the North in the state of Pennsylvania, where a victory
would give him a clear road to Washington.The
battle
had
serious
consequences
for the future because the Confederacy lost one-third of its
army’s
effective strength. The South did not invade northern territories
again.
• President Lincoln appointed General Ulysses S. Grant the head of the
Union
armies because Grant demonstrated the tenacity and willingness to fight
and fight again.
• Grant put General Sherman in charge of a strategy to split the South
horizontally by destroying everything in the path of a march through
Georgia to the sea.
• New technology made the Civil War even more deadly. Cannons and bullets
were improved. Ironclad warships were developed that could withstand cannon
shot. More accurate rifles were used.
•
At the Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, at President Lincoln’s
request, General Grant offered generous terms of surrender
to the Confederacy that allowed Confederates to return home with their
horses
and side arms.
General Lee was dignified in defeat and General Grant was gracious
in victory. Lee and Grant even shook hands and reminisced about the
days
when they
were colleagues in the army.
• After the Civil War, the South was physically, economically, and spiritually
devastated. The war left hatred between the North and the South
that lasted for decades. The southern aristocracy was stripped of its wealth
and
power.
Reconstruction
• The purpose of
Reconstruction was to bring the southern states back into the Union.
Reconstruction also ensured black Americans their
freedom.
• Reconstruction provided southern states would be readmitted to the Union
when their men took loyalty oaths to the U.S. It required
each southern state to from a government and draft a new constitution that
banned slavery,
and
provided provisions for the states to provide free public
education
to blacks.
•
The Freedmen’s Bureau helped southern blacks who were homeless
and jobless because of the war. It also provided for education
for ex-slaves.
• Immediately after the Civil War, most ex-slaves became sharecroppers
on land owned by whites. They stayed poor, but enjoyed greater
freedom over their personal lives.
• Southern states that were readmitted to the Union after the Civil War
tried to keep freedmen subservient by enacting Black Codes that
barred blacks from
doing any work except farming and household service.
• The 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolished slavery everywhere in
the U.S.
• The 14th Amendment made African-Americans citizens and guaranteed
equal protection of the laws to
all
citizens.
• The 15th Amendment extended the right to vote to black males.
• The South employed many means to deprive black of the right to vote.
They included a poll tax, a literacy test, and the grandfather
clause.
• The Jim Crow laws of the South extended segregation, or separation of
the races, in all public places. They were challenged in court
and found constitutional by the majority of the Supreme Court.
• The Ku Klux Klan was determined to keep blacks from voting and influencing
politics. The KKK claimed to be the ghosts of Confederate
soldiers and terrorized blacks in the night. They were responsible for the
beating and murdering
of hundreds of blacks.
Industrial Revolution
• The Bessemer converter
quickly changed iron to steel and made mass production of steel a reality.
Andrew Carnegie, an American immigrant
of humble beginnings, built the largest Bessemer plant in America and became
the
second richest
man in the world.
•
In the 1870’s, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, and
Thomas Edison invented the phonograph and the light bulb.
• John D. Rockefeller got rich in the oil refinery business, Andrew Carnegie
got rich in the steel business, and Leland Stanford got rich in the railroad
industry. All three men would make and give away millions in charity.
•
Immigrants between 1865 and 1880 from western and northern Europe contributed
to the growth of America’s large cities.
• The American Federation of Labor was one of the first labor unions. The
AFL was founded by Samuel Gompers.
• The labor strikes from 1881-1905 helped workers win the 8-hour workday.
• The Grange was the first national farmer organization. It was also known
as the Patrons of Husbandry. The Grange was open to men
and women.
• After the Civil War, the Bureau of Indian Affairs adopted a policy known
as concentration to keep the Native Americans confined
to certain areas of the West away from traveling settlers.
• The search for gold, silver, and copper, and the building of the railroads
led to the demise of the buffalo, and with it, the main
source of food, clothing, and shelter for the Plains Indians.